{"count":133,"dataset":"substitutions","rows":[{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"AP01","industry":"alt-proteins","replaces":"A share of conventional dairy and meat protein — and with it the antibiotics, antiparasitics, fertilizer and pesticide inputs of the animal-feed chain; animal-derived processing ingredients (rennet already covered in FI05)","route":"NOVEL","title":"Precision-fermentation dairy and egg proteins (whey, casein, ovalbumin) and fungal biomass protein (mycoprotein) instead of a share of antibiotic- and land-intensive animal protein","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ap01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"AP02","industry":"alt-proteins","replaces":"A share of conventional meat, seafood and dairy — and the antibiotics, antiparasitics, feed-crop pesticides and fertilizer of the animal chain","route":"NOVEL","title":"Plant-based meat and dairy analogues and cultivated (cell-cultured) meat and seafood instead of a share of conventional meat and its antibiotic, antiparasitic and feed-chain chemical inputs","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ap02/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E4","id":"BR01","industry":"biorefining","replaces":"Petrochemical routes to the same molecules — maleic-anhydride-based succinic acid and BDO, acrolein/ethylene-oxide-based propanediol, naphtha-cracker ethylene and MEG; and the hazardous intermediates and catalysts these routes use","route":"CHEM","title":"Fermentation- and sugar-derived platform chemicals (lactic acid, succinic acid, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, bio-ethylene and bio-MEG) instead of the same building blocks made from oil and gas","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E2","id":"BR02","industry":"biorefining","replaces":"Raw vinasse dumped or over-applied on \"sacrifice\" fields; open anaerobic POME lagoons emitting methane; EFB and trash burning; part of mineral K, P and N fertilizer on cane and oil-palm plantations","route":"SERV","title":"Sugarcane and palm-oil mill residues — vinasse, filter cake (press mud), bagasse, palm oil mill effluent (POME) and empty fruit bunches (EFB) — anaerobically digested, composted and returned to the field instead of raw discharge, open anaerobic lagoons, burning and mineral fertilizer","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"CR01","industry":"carbon-removal","replaces":"Open burning of straw, husks, shells and prunings; dumping and landfilling of processing residues; traditional earth-kiln charcoal making without gas capture","route":"AGROCHEM","title":"Biochar made by clean pyrolysis of crop, forestry and processing residues — used as a soil amendment and sold as durable carbon removal — instead of open burning, dumping or landfilling of those residues","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"CR02","industry":"carbon-removal","replaces":"Coal- or fossil-based activated carbon for low-demanding sorption duties; chemical odour/ammonia control in litter and compost; part of the clay binders used in feed","route":"AGROCHEM","title":"Biochar as a composting and manure additive, a feed additive and a low-cost sorbent for water and soil treatment — instead of coal-based activated carbon, chemical odour and ammonia binders, and part of clay toxin binders","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr02/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E2","id":"CE01","industry":"cea-horticulture","replaces":"Peat (sphagnum moss peat) as the main constituent of potting soils and professional horticultural substrates","route":"AGROCHEM","title":"Peat-free and peat-reduced growing media (coir, wood fibre, composted bark, green-waste compost, sphagnum farming) instead of extracted peat","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce01/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"CE02","industry":"cea-horticulture","replaces":"Methyl bromide (phased out under the Montreal Protocol, remaining critical/quarantine uses); chemical fumigants used in its place — metam sodium/potassium, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, dazomet","route":"SERV","title":"Grafting onto resistant rootstocks, biological/anaerobic soil disinfestation and biofumigation, and soilless (substrate and hydroponic) culture instead of methyl bromide and chemical soil fumigants","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce02/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"CE03","industry":"cea-horticulture","replaces":"Calendar sprays of insecticides and acaricides (organophosphates, neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, abamectin) against whitefly, thrips, aphids, spider mites and leafminers in greenhouse tomato, pepper and cucumber","route":"MACRO","title":"Augmentative biological control in greenhouse vegetables instead of insecticide and acaricide programmes","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"CE04","industry":"cea-horticulture","replaces":"Fruit-setting hormone sprays (synthetic auxins such as 4-CPA / tomatotone) and labour-intensive manual flower vibration in greenhouse tomatoes","route":"MACRO","title":"Bumblebee pollination instead of hormone sprays and manual vibration in greenhouse tomatoes","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"C01","industry":"construction","replaces":"Urea-formaldehyde and melamine-urea-formaldehyde resins (most interior panels), phenol-formaldehyde (partly)","route":"BUILD","title":"Formaldehyde-free wood-based panels (plywood, particleboard, MDF) with bio-based adhesives — soy-protein, lignin, tannin and other bio-adhesives — instead of urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-UF and phenol-formaldehyde resins","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c01/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E2","id":"C02","industry":"construction","replaces":"EPS/XPS polystyrene with HBCDD (historic) and polymeric brominated flame retardants; polyurethane/PIR foams with TCPP (chlorinated phosphate flame retardant); spray polyurethane foam (isocyanate exposure during installation)","route":"BUILD","title":"Bio-based building insulation — wood-fibre boards, hemp and flax mats, cellulose, straw, hempcrete, mycelium panels — instead of polystyrene/polyurethane foams with brominated or chlorinated flame retardants and isocyanate spray foams","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/"},{"adoption_D":"D0","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"C03","industry":"construction","replaces":"Epoxy and polyurethane (isocyanate) crack-injection resins and coatings for concrete repair (partly); repeated repair cycles","route":"BUILD","title":"Self-healing bio-concrete and microbial repair mortars (bacteria producing limestone, microbially induced calcite precipitation, MICP) — instead of epoxy and polyurethane crack injection and some chemical sealants","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"CM01","industry":"cosmetics","replaces":"Shark-liver oil squalene (deep-sea shark fisheries); hyaluronic acid from rooster combs; bovine/porcine collagen extracts (and their supply-chain, religious-certification and prion-era questions)","route":"COSM","title":"Fermentation cosmetic ingredients instead of shark-liver squalene, rooster-comb hyaluronic acid and animal collagen","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm01/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E2","id":"CM02","industry":"cosmetics","replaces":"Polyethylene (and PP/PET/PMMA) microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics: face/body scrubs, toothpastes, shower gels; glitter (polyester/alu particles)","route":"COSM","title":"Biodegradable scrub particles and exfoliants instead of polyethylene microbeads","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"CM03","industry":"cosmetics","replaces":"Petrochemical anionic surfactants (SLES/SLS) and their ethoxylated feedstock chain (1,4-dioxane contamination risk at trace levels, palm/petro carbon); part of CAPB (cocamidopropyl betaine) programs","route":"COSM","title":"Biosurfactant and APG cleansing — sophorolipids, rhamnolipids, alkyl polyglucosides — instead of petrochemical SLES/SLS","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"DX01","industry":"diagnostics","replaces":"Blanket treatment of every clinical mastitis case, group metaphylaxis on suspicion, prophylactic antibiotics in hatcheries and ponds, empirical use of critically important antimicrobials (colistin, fluoroquinolones, 3rd/4th-generation cephalosporins)","route":"DIAG","title":"On-farm culture, PCR panels, rapid tests and veterinary laboratory services for livestock and aquaculture — treat what is diagnosed instead of blanket and prophylactic antibiotic treatment","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx01/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E4","id":"DX02","industry":"diagnostics","replaces":"Fixed-interval (\"calendar\") protective fungicide sprays and routine insecticide applications regardless of pest pressure","route":"EAC","title":"Crop disease forecasting models, spore traps, pheromone and smart pest traps and field diagnostics — spray when risk is real instead of calendar-based fungicide and insecticide programmes","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E2","id":"DR01","industry":"digital-robotics","replaces":"Progeny testing — choosing AI bulls only after their daughters' milk records were available (5–6 years per bull and large testing costs)","route":"BREED","title":"Genomic selection in dairy cattle breeding instead of progeny testing","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"DR02","industry":"digital-robotics","replaces":"Manual knapsack spraying, tractor spraying in small or wet fields, and manned aircraft/helicopter spraying","route":"EAC","title":"Agricultural spraying drones instead of knapsack and manned aerial spraying","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"DR03","industry":"digital-robotics","replaces":"Insecticide sprays against caterpillar and mite pests, and manual walking release of natural enemies (the labour bottleneck of large-scale biocontrol)","route":"MACRO","title":"Drone release of beneficial insects (Trichogramma, Cotesia, predatory mites) instead of insecticide sprays","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"E01","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Temephos and other organophosphate larvicides (fenthion, chlorpyrifos, malathion), pyrethroid/OP ULV fogging (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, malathion) in towns and wetlands; DEET (partly, personal protection)","route":"BIOCIDE","title":"Mosquito and blackfly control with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus larvicides, source reduction, and plant-based repellents — instead of organophosphate larvicides and pyrethroid space fogging","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E4","id":"E02","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Pyrethroid and organophosphate space spraying (fogging) and indoor residual spraying against Aedes in cities; temephos in household water","route":"RELEASE","title":"Dengue, Zika and chikungunya prevention with Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti (population replacement) and incompatible insect technique — instead of repeated insecticide fogging","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"E03","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Chemical dispersants (e.g. Corexit-type surfactant/solvent blends) on marine spills; in-situ burning of oil on land and water; excavation and landfilling or incineration of contaminated soil; aggressive chemical washing of shorelines","route":"SERV","title":"Oil and petroleum-product pollution clean-up by bioremediation — nutrient biostimulation, oil-degrading microbial preparations, landfarming/biopiles and phytoremediation — instead of chemical dispersants, burning and landfilling","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"E04","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and chloride-based mixtures spread on roads, pavements and airports (in Russia: the city \"anti-icing reagents\" used in large amounts in Moscow and other cities)","route":"CHEM","title":"Road and pavement de-icing with bio-based deicers (acetates from fermentation, agricultural by-product brines such as beet-molasses residues) and salt-reduction practices — instead of heavy use of chloride salts and chloride \"reagent\" mixtures","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"E05","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Chlorination of small-plant effluents (chlorinated by-products), chemical phosphorus precipitation with iron/aluminium salts at small scale, untreated or septic-tank discharges; energy-intensive package plants in rural areas","route":"SERV","title":"Constructed (treatment) wetlands for villages, farms, small towns and stormwater — instead of chemical precipitation, chlorination of effluent, or discharge of untreated wastewater","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e05/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E2","id":"E06","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Copper sulfate and other copper algicides, diquat/endothall-type aquatic herbicides, (partly) repeated chemical phosphorus inactivation without catchment measures","route":"SERV","title":"Lake and pond algal-bloom (cyanobacteria) control by nutrient reduction, biomanipulation (fish-stock management, zooplankton), submerged-plant restoration and floating wetlands — instead of copper sulfate and chemical algicides","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e06/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"E07","industry":"ecology","replaces":"2,4-D, glyphosate, diquat and other herbicides sprayed on water bodies; repeated mechanical harvesting (partly)","route":"CLASSIC","title":"Invasive floating aquatic weed control (water hyacinth, salvinia, water lettuce, alligator weed) with host-specific biocontrol insects — instead of repeated aquatic herbicide spraying","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"E08","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Metaldehyde slug pellets (banned outdoors in Great Britain from 2022), methiocarb pellets (EU non-renewed), soil insecticides in gardens and lawns (imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin granules)","route":"MACRO","title":"Garden, allotment and lawn pest control with beneficial nematodes — Phasmarhabditis against slugs, Steinernema/Heterorhabditis against vine weevil, chafer grubs, leatherjackets — instead of metaldehyde pellets and soil insecticides","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e08/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"E09","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Glyphosate and other herbicides (2,4-D, diflufenican, flazasulfuron) sprayed on pavements, kerbs, parks, school grounds, cemeteries and private gardens","route":"EAC","title":"Pesticide-free weed management in towns, parks, railways-adjacent areas and gardens — design, mulching, mowing regimes (\"let it grow\"), hot water/steam, and bio-based contact herbicides (pelargonic acid, acetic acid)","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e09/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"E10","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Triclosan and triclocarban \"antibacterial\" soaps and products, routine use of QAC disinfectant sprays/wipes and chlorine bleach for everyday cleaning (not for outbreak disinfection), phosphate/harsh chemical detergents","route":"CHEM","title":"Household and institutional cleaning without triclosan, excess quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and routine chlorine — plain soap, enzyme-based detergents and probiotic (Bacillus) cleaners","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e10/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"E11","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Chromated copper arsenate (CCA), creosote (coal-tar), pentachlorophenol (PCP), copper-azole and other biocidal wood preservatives for decking, fences, garden furniture, playgrounds, poles and sleepers (partly)","route":"BUILD","title":"Durable wood without toxic preservatives — furfurylated wood (from agricultural residues), acetylated wood, thermally modified wood, naturally durable species and constructive protection — instead of CCA, creosote and biocidal impregnation","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e11/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"E12","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Insecticide spraying (rarely affordable for smallholders) and uncontrolled crop losses from the invasive cassava mealybug in Africa","route":"CLASSIC","title":"Cassava mealybug classical biological control with Anagyrus lopezi instead of insecticides","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e12/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"E13","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Chemical poisoning of prickly pear (arsenic pentoxide and other arsenicals), burning, digging and crushing","route":"CLASSIC","title":"Prickly pear control in Australia with Cactoblastis cactorum instead of chemical and mechanical clearing","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e13/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E3","id":"E14","industry":"ecology","replaces":"Aerial and ground bait sprays of organophosphate insecticides (malathion and others) against Ceratitis capitata in fruit and citrus regions","route":"RELEASE","title":"Mediterranean fruit fly control by the sterile insect technique instead of insecticide bait sprays","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E3","id":"EN01","industry":"energy","replaces":"Firewood, charcoal and dung as cooking fuel (household air pollution); fossil LPG and natural gas for cooking and heat; diesel-generator power in farms, villages and industry","route":"FUEL","title":"Biogas and biomethane from organic waste instead of firewood, charcoal, LPG and diesel","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E3","id":"EN02","industry":"energy","replaces":"MTBE and ETBE oxygenates (groundwater pollutant), aromatics (benzene, toluene) used for octane, lead anti-knock legacy; part of fossil petrol demand","route":"FUEL","title":"Bioethanol as fuel and octane/oxygenate instead of MTBE, high-aromatic petrol and fossil petrol","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E3","id":"EN03","industry":"energy","replaces":"Fossil diesel in transport and generators; gas-oil heating; jet fuel (via SAF blends); also disciplines waste cooking oil and tallow that would otherwise be dumped","route":"FUEL","title":"Biodiesel, renewable diesel (HVO) and SAF instead of fossil diesel and heating oil","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"EN04","industry":"energy","replaces":"Flared or vented landfill/dump methane; untapped organic-waste methane (open dumps common across this index's regions); fossil natural gas demand (grid/vehicle CNG)","route":"FUEL","title":"Landfill gas and organic-waste biomethane instead of flaring, fugitive methane and fossil gas","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"EN05","industry":"energy","replaces":"Coal (and heavy fuel oil) in industrial boilers, brick kilns, drying operations and institutional heating; open-field burning of the same residues","route":"FUEL","title":"Solid biofuel — pellets, briquettes and residue fuels — instead of coal in boilers and kilns","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E2","id":"EN06","industry":"energy","replaces":"Heating oil and coal in district-heating and combined heat-and-power plants","route":"FUEL","title":"Biomass district heating instead of heating oil and coal","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"EQ01","industry":"equipment","replaces":"Imported finished synthetic pesticides and part of mineral fertilizer programmes; also imported finished biologicals with long cold chains","route":"EAC","title":"On-farm and regional biofactories (multiplication units, media, quality control) for microbial bio-inputs — Bacillus, Trichoderma, Beauveria, Bt, beneficial insects — instead of importing finished chemical pesticides and fertilizers","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"EQ02","industry":"equipment","replaces":"Chemical-synthesis routes and imports for the products in FI-, FD-, I- and A-series articles (enzymes, organic acids, vitamins, microbial pesticides and inoculants, probiotics)","route":"EAC","title":"Fermentation (stainless and single-use bioreactors, solid-state reactors) and downstream equipment (centrifuges, filtration, spray and fluid-bed drying, formulation) for local production of enzymes, microbial products and fermentation ingredients instead of chemical-synthesis plants and imports","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"EQ03","industry":"equipment","replaces":"Landfill and open dumping of organic waste; open burning of crop residues; open anaerobic lagoons; incineration of wet organic waste","route":"EAC","title":"Process equipment for residue-to-product plants — anaerobic digesters and biogas upgrading, composting turners and granulation lines, biomass pelleting, pyrolysis and carbonization kilns — instead of incinerators, landfill, open lagoons and open burning","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E2","id":"FD01","industry":"feed","replaces":"Dicalcium phosphate / rock-phosphate P supplements in pig and poultry feed; excess soybean-meal crude protein (ammonia, nitrate pollution); energy over-feeding corrected by enzymes","route":"FEED","title":"Feed enzymes (phytase) and fermentation amino acids instead of inorganic phosphate and excess crude protein","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FD02","industry":"feed","replaces":"Fishmeal from reduction fisheries (anchoveta, sandeel); soybean meal from deforestation frontiers (with antinutritional factors and formaldehyde-based anti-Salmonella \"treatment\")","route":"FEED","title":"Insect meal, single-cell protein and algal ingredients instead of fishmeal and soybean meal in feed","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd02/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FD03","industry":"feed","replaces":"Formaldehyde-based feed disinfectants/salmonella \"hygiene enhancers\" (formaldehyde + propionic blends sprayed on feed and feed ingredients); part of chemical mold inhibitors","route":"FEED","title":"Feed hygiene without formaldehyde — fermentation organic acids, inoculants and heat treatment","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FD04","industry":"feed","replaces":"Clinoptilolite/bentonite \"binders\" as the only response to mycotoxin contamination (they adsorb aflatoxin but little else, dilute feed and add no nutrition); post-hoc chemical treatments","route":"FEED","title":"Mycotoxin risk managed by enzymes and biological detoxification instead of clay binders alone","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd04/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E3","id":"FD05","industry":"feed","replaces":"The AGP-era program of routine \"tonnage\" additives: subtherapeutic antibiotics (banned — V01), high zinc/copper growth doses (phasing out), and their like-for-like chemical substitutes marketed as growth promoters","route":"FEED","title":"Yeast cell-wall (MOS/β-glucan), nucleotide and postbiotic additives instead of the antibiotic-growth-promoter era's ingredient logic","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd05/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"FD06","industry":"feed","replaces":"Fishmeal from reduction fisheries and imported soybean/rapeseed protein concentrates in compound feed (as a formula share)","route":"FEED","title":"Gas-fermented single-cell protein (methane, CO2 and industrial off-gas) instead of fishmeal and imported protein concentrates in feed","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd06/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"NU01","industry":"fertilizers-nutrition","replaces":"Insurance\" top-ups of mineral N and foliar NPK applied to carry crops through drought, heat or transplant stress; part of the synthetic plant-growth-regulator use (e.g. chlormequat, paclobutrazol) aimed at stress tolerance rather than lodging control","route":"AGROCHEM","title":"Plant biostimulants (seaweed extracts, protein hydrolysates, humic and fulvic substances) instead of extra mineral nitrogen and synthetic plant growth regulators for stress","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"NU02","industry":"fertilizers-nutrition","replaces":"Part (typically 10–25 %) of the mineral N (urea, UAN, ammonium nitrate) applied to non-legume cereals","route":"AGROCHEM","title":"Nitrogen-fixing and nutrient-mobilizing microbes (Azospirillum, Azotobacter, engineered root-associated diazotrophs) for maize, wheat and rice instead of part of the urea dose","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"NU03","industry":"fertilizers-nutrition","replaces":"Part of the mineral NPK (urea, DAP/MAP, potash) applied to field and horticultural crops; mineral-only fertilization of soils low in organic matter","route":"AGROCHEM","title":"Organic and organo-mineral fertilizers made from biogas digestate, compost, vermicompost and insect frass instead of part of mineral NPK","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E2","id":"NU04","industry":"fertilizers-nutrition","replaces":"A share of DAP/MAP/superphosphate made from mined phosphate rock; chemical P-removal with iron and aluminium salts at treatment plants (which locks the P away from agriculture)","route":"AGROCHEM","title":"Recovered phosphorus (struvite and other recovered phosphates from biological wastewater and digester streams) instead of fertilizer made from cadmium-bearing phosphate rock","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu04/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"F01","industry":"fishery","replaces":"Oxytetracycline, florfenicol, oxolinic acid, flumequine, enrofloxacin, sulfonamide–trimethoprim added to fish feed; illegal chloramphenicol and nitrofurans in some regions","route":"VET","title":"Fish vaccination (plus biosecurity and probiotics) instead of prophylactic/metaphylactic antibiotics in finfish aquaculture","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f01/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"F02","industry":"fishery","replaces":"Emamectin benzoate (in feed), azamethiphos (organophosphate bath), deltamethrin and cypermethrin (pyrethroid baths), diflubenzuron/teflubenzuron (chitin-synthesis inhibitors in feed); partly hydrogen peroxide baths","route":"EAC","title":"Salmon lice control with cleaner fish (lumpfish, wrasse), lice-barrier cage designs (\"snorkel\", skirts), functional feeds and fallowing — instead of chemical bath and in-feed delousing","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"F03","industry":"fishery","replaces":"Malachite green (prohibited in food fish in EU, USA, Russia, China — still found illegally), formalin baths for eggs and fish, (partly) bronopol","route":"VET","title":"Saprolegnia (water mould) and egg-fungus control without malachite green and formalin — UV water treatment, salt, hydrogen peroxide, antagonistic bacteria and hatchery hygiene","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f03/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"F04","industry":"fishery","replaces":"Prophylactic antibiotics in shrimp ponds and hatcheries (oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin; illegal chloramphenicol and nitrofurans), chlorine/pesticide pond \"preparation\" chemicals (e.g. organophosphates/pyrethroids to kill crustacean carriers), heavy water exchange with polluted effluent","route":"FEED","title":"Shrimp farming with biofloc technology, Bacillus probiotics and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broodstock instead of antibiotics and pond chemicals","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"F05","industry":"fishery","replaces":"Organophosphates in pond water (trichlorfon/metrifonate, dichlorvos), pyrethroids (deltamethrin) and emamectin used against Argulus and Lernaea in carp, trout and pike-perch ponds","route":"SERV","title":"Fish louse (Argulus) control in ponds and lakes with egg-laying substrate boards, pond drying/liming and biological management — instead of organophosphate treatments","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f05/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"F06","industry":"fishery","replaces":"Ethoxyquin (E324) as a feed antioxidant (also BHT/BHA partly)","route":"FEED","title":"Natural antioxidants (mixed tocopherols, rosemary extract, other plant polyphenols) instead of ethoxyquin in fishmeal, fish oil and aquafeeds","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f06/"},{"adoption_D":"D0","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"F07","industry":"fishery","replaces":"Antibiotics in medicated feed and bath treatments - oxytetracycline, florfenicol, oxolinic acid, enrofloxacin, sulfonamide-trimethoprim (complementing F01 vaccination for the diseases no vaccine covers)","route":"VET","title":"Bacteriophage therapy for bacterial disease in fish and shrimp farming instead of medicated-feed antibiotics","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f07/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FI01","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Azo food dyes — tartrazine (E102), sunset yellow (E110), azorubine (E122), ponceau 4R (E124), allura red (E129); titanium dioxide (E171) where whiteness is needed","route":"FOOD","title":"Fermentation and algal food colours instead of azo dyes (tartrazine, sunset yellow) and titanium dioxide","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"FI02","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Artificial high-intensity sweeteners — aspartame (IARC 2B since 2023), saccharin, sucralose, acesulfame-K in beverages and dairy; part of sugar demand (with FI-wide calorie logic)","route":"FOOD","title":"Fermentation and plant-derived sweeteners instead of aspartame, saccharin and sucralose","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E2","id":"FI03","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Synthetic phenolic antioxidants BHA (E320) and BHT (E321) in fats, oils, snacks, cereals, meat and fish products; part of synthetic antioxidant use in cosmetics/pharma packaging","route":"FOOD","title":"Natural antioxidants — tocopherols, rosemary extract, ascorbyl palmitate — instead of BHA and BHT","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FI04","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Chemical vitamin synthesis — Reichstein process for vitamin C (six chemical steps + one fermentation), chemical B2 routes (abandoned), chemical B12 (impossible in practice — 60+ steps); synthetic vitamin D/ niacin where fermentation routes exist","route":"FOOD","title":"Fermentation-produced vitamins (B2, B12, C routes) instead of multi-step chemical synthesis","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi04/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FI05","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Natural calf rennet (abomasum extract from veal calves); part of microbial/mold coagulants where bitterness was the problem","route":"FOOD","title":"Fermentation-produced chymosin instead of calf rennet in cheesemaking","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi05/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E2","id":"FI06","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Wild-capture fish oil and Antarctic krill oil for omega-3 (food, supplements, infant formula) and part of the aquafeed fish-oil fraction; solvent-extracted fish-oil concentrates","route":"FOOD","title":"Microalgal omega-3 oils (DHA/EPA) instead of fish oil and krill oil","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FI07","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) and azodicarbonamide (ADA) used as oxidizing flour improvers/dough conditioners; part of chemical emulsifier use (DATEM, SSL) in bread","route":"FOOD","title":"Baking enzymes (fungal amylase, maltogenic amylase, xylanase, glucose oxidase, lipase) plus ascorbic acid instead of potassium bromate and azodicarbonamide as flour treatment agents","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FI08","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Phosphoric/citric acid plus caustic soda degumming and neutralization (soapstock, wastewater, oil losses); chemical interesterification with sodium methoxide; partial hydrogenation as the older route to structured fats (trans fats)","route":"FOOD","title":"Enzymatic degumming (phospholipases) and enzymatic interesterification (immobilized lipases) of edible oils instead of acid–caustic chemical degumming and sodium-methoxide chemical interesterification","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi08/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FI09","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Citric acid extracted from lemons, limes and other citrus (calcium citrate route, Italy and California before 1930)","route":"FOOD","title":"Citric acid by Aspergillus niger fermentation instead of extraction from citrus fruit","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi09/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FI10","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Cane and beet sucrose in beverages and processed foods; acid hydrolysis of starch for glucose syrup","route":"FOOD","title":"Enzymatic high-fructose syrup from starch instead of sucrose and acid hydrolysis","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi10/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E2","id":"FI11","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Hydrolysis of wheat gluten or soybean protein with hydrochloric acid (1909–1960s); acrylonitrile-based chemical synthesis (Japan, 1960s–1973)","route":"FOOD","title":"Glutamate and MSG by bacterial fermentation instead of protein hydrolysis and chemical synthesis","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi11/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FI12","industry":"food-ingredients","replaces":"Multi-step chemical synthesis of riboflavin from glucose-derived ribose and xylidine (dominant until the 1990s)","route":"FOOD","title":"Riboflavin (vitamin B2) by fermentation instead of multi-step chemical synthesis","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi12/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FO01","industry":"forestry","replaces":"Aerial spraying of pyrethroids (cypermethrin, deltamethrin), organophosphates, and chitin-synthesis inhibitors (diflubenzuron) over forests","route":"PEST","title":"Forest defoliator control (Siberian silk moth, spongy/gypsy moth, nun moth, pine moths) with Bt kurstaki, nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and pheromone mating disruption — instead of aerial chemical insecticides","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo01/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"FO02","industry":"forestry","replaces":"Urea and borate (disodium octaborate) stump treatments; historically other chemical stump treatments","route":"PEST","title":"Conifer root and butt rot (Heterobasidion) prevention by stump treatment with the competitive fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea (Rotstop) — instead of chemical stump treatments","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"FO03","industry":"forestry","replaces":"Pyrethroid (cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin)-treated trap logs, insecticide-netted log piles, spraying of timber stacks; historically lindane","route":"PEST","title":"Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and pine beetle management by early sanitation felling, pheromone monitoring, anti-aggregation pheromones and forest diversification — instead of insecticide-treated trap logs, nets and log-pile spraying","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"I01","industry":"industrial-chemistry","replaces":"N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform, toluene/xylene in some uses","route":"CHEM","title":"Bio-based and safer solvents — Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone from cellulose), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF from furfural/levulinic acid), ethyl lactate, bio-ethanol, γ-valerolactone, limonene — instead of NMP, DMF, DMAc, dichloromethane and other hazardous solvents","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i01/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"I02","industry":"industrial-chemistry","replaces":"Copper-catalysed sulfuric-acid hydration of acrylonitrile; rhodium-catalysed high-pressure asymmetric hydrogenation; chemical deacylation of penicillin G with PCl5/dimethylaniline/chlorinated solvents at −40 °C; many multi-step protections/deprotections","route":"CHEM","title":"Industrial biocatalysis (enzymes and whole cells) — e.g. nitrile hydratase for acrylamide, engineered transaminase for sitagliptin, enzymatic antibiotic side-chain processes — instead of heavy-metal catalysts, high-pressure hydrogenation and multistep chemistry with toxic reagents","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i02/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E2","id":"I03","industry":"industrial-chemistry","replaces":"Mineral-oil hydraulic fluids, chainsaw bar oils, gear and stern-tube oils, greases (and total-loss lubricants lost directly to the environment)","route":"CHEM","title":"Biodegradable, bio-based lubricants and hydraulic fluids (vegetable-oil and synthetic esters) — instead of mineral-oil lubricants in forestry, agriculture, marine, rail and water-adjacent machinery","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"I04","industry":"industrial-chemistry","replaces":"Glutaraldehyde, THPS (tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate), quaternary ammonium biocides, acrolein and other biocides injected into water-flooded reservoirs, pipelines and produced-water systems","route":"SERV","title":"Oil-reservoir and pipeline souring (H2S) control by nitrate injection (biocompetitive exclusion by nitrate-reducing bacteria) — instead of continuous biocide dosing","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"I05","industry":"industrial-chemistry","replaces":"Elemental chlorine (Cl2) and hypochlorite bleaching of kraft/sulfite pulp; reduces chlorine dioxide demand in ECF","route":"CHEM","title":"Pulp bleaching with xylanase enzyme pre-bleaching and ECF/TCF processes (oxygen, peroxide, ozone) — instead of elemental chlorine bleaching; with biological effluent treatment","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"I06","industry":"industrial-chemistry","replaces":"Petrochemical surfactants in cleaners and formulations - linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ethoxylates (AEO), alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO, whose nonylphenol metabolites are endocrine disruptors), solvent-based industrial cleaners; the surfactant load discharged into urban wastewater","route":"CHEM","title":"Biosurfactants (rhamnolipids, sophorolipids) instead of petrochemical surfactants in cleaning and industrial formulation","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i06/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E2","id":"I07","industry":"industrial-chemistry","replaces":"Phosphate builders (STPP), part of the fossil-based surfactant load, and high wash temperatures (60–90 °C) needed to remove protein, starch and fat stains chemically and thermally","route":"CHEM","title":"Detergent enzymes for low-temperature washing instead of phosphates, extra surfactant and hot washing","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"LE01","industry":"feed","replaces":"Unabated enteric methane; reliance on the synthetic inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) as the only approved tool; ionophore antibiotics (monensin) partly used for rumen efficiency","route":"FEED","title":"Enteric methane from cattle and sheep reduced by bromoform-containing red seaweed (Asparagopsis), essential-oil and plant-extract feed additives, and low-methane genetics — instead of unabated emissions and synthetic inhibitors alone","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"LE02","industry":"feed","replaces":"Open anaerobic lagoons and uncovered slurry stores; slurry acidification with concentrated sulfuric acid; chemical masking/neutralizing odour sprays; high-crude-protein diets that excrete excess N","route":"SERV","title":"Manure methane, ammonia and odour cut by anaerobic digestion with covered storage, low-protein diets balanced with fermentation amino acids, and biological air treatment of livestock houses — instead of open lagoons, sulfuric-acid slurry acidification and masking agents","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le02/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"M01","industry":"remediation","replaces":"Roasting of arsenopyrite/pyrite gold concentrates (emissions of SO2 and arsenic trioxide), partly pressure oxidation (energy-intensive); chemical cyanide destruction (partly)","route":"SERV","title":"Refractory gold ore processing by bacterial biooxidation (BIOX® and similar tank bioleaching) — instead of roasting; with biological cyanide destruction of tailings water","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E4","id":"M02","industry":"remediation","replaces":"Pyrometallurgical smelting of sulfide concentrates (SO2, arsenic, heavy-metal emissions) for low-grade ores that would otherwise be uneconomic or wasted","route":"SERV","title":"Copper (and nickel/cobalt) recovery from low-grade and secondary sulfide ores by heap and dump bioleaching + SX-EW — instead of concentration and smelting","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"M03","industry":"remediation","replaces":"Active chemical treatment with lime/caustic soda (high-volume metal hydroxide sludge, continuous chemical and energy use), or no treatment at abandoned mines","route":"SERV","title":"Acid mine drainage and metal-rich mine water treatment with passive biological systems — sulfate-reducing bioreactors, compost wetlands, aerobic wetlands — instead of perpetual lime dosing","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"PK01","industry":"packaging-plastics","replaces":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used in molded-fibre bowls, fast-food wrappers, microwave-popcorn bags, bakery papers, pet-food bags","route":"PACK","title":"Grease- and water-resistant food packaging without PFAS — dense molded fibre, glassine/high-density paper, and bio-based barrier coatings (chitosan, alginate, starch, proteins, plant waxes, PHA dispersions)","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"PK02","industry":"packaging-plastics","replaces":"Low-molecular-weight ortho-phthalate plasticizers in flexible PVC (flooring, cables, films, toys, medical tubing, food-contact gaskets)","route":"CHEM","title":"Bio-based plasticizers — epoxidized soybean/linseed oil (ESBO), citrate esters (ATBC), isosorbide diesters, castor-oil derivatives — instead of ortho-phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP, DIBP) in PVC","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"PK03","industry":"packaging-plastics","replaces":"Non-degradable low-density polyethylene mulch films (and so-called \"oxo-degradable\" films, banned in the EU since 2021)","route":"PACK","title":"Soil-biodegradable mulch films (certified to EN 17033: starch/PLA/PBAT/PHA blends) and paper/organic mulches — instead of conventional polyethylene (PE) mulch films that fragment into soil microplastics","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E2","id":"PK04","industry":"packaging-plastics","replaces":"Fossil polyethylene/polypropylene/PS/PET in flexible and rigid packaging; intentional microplastics (restricted in the EU since 2023); oxo-degradable films (EU-banned 2021)","route":"PACK","title":"Bio-based and soil-biodegradable plastics instead of fossil commodity plastics (PET, LDPE, PS) and their microplastics","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"PC01","industry":"paints-coatings","replaces":"Petro-derived alkyd/acrylic binders; volatile organic solvent systems (white spirit, toluene, xylene) in solvent-borne paints; part of fossil monomer demand (acrylics)","route":"CHEM","title":"Bio-based binders and bio-solvents instead of petrochemical resins and VOC solvent systems in paints and coatings","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"PC02","industry":"paints-coatings","replaces":"Routine isothiazolinone loading (MIT/CMIT/OIT/BIT) as in-can preservative and film antifungal in waterborne paints","route":"CHEM","title":"Paint and coating preservation with less isothiazolinone biocide — formulation hygiene, low-water-activity and bio-based boosters","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc02/"},{"adoption_D":"D0","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"P01","industry":"postrawfood","replaces":"Imazalil, thiabendazole, ortho-phenylphenol (OPP/SOPP), pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, prochloraz (banana, mango, citrus), carbendazim/benomyl (where still used) applied as dips, drenches and waxes","route":"PEST","title":"Post-harvest decay control of citrus, pome, stone and tropical fruit with antagonistic yeasts (Metschnikowia, Candida, Aureobasidium), hot-water treatment and chitosan coatings — instead of synthetic post-harvest fungicides","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"P02","industry":"postrawfood","replaces":"Chlorpropham (CIPC) thermal fogging in potato stores; maleic hydrazide (pre-harvest, partly)","route":"PEST","title":"Potato sprout suppression in storage with spearmint oil (carvone), orange oil, ethylene and cold storage — instead of chlorpropham (CIPC)","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p02/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E4","id":"P03","industry":"postrawfood","replaces":"Diphenylamine (DPA) drenches against superficial scald; post-harvest fungicide drenches (thiabendazole, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, imazalil); ethoxyquin (historic scald inhibitor)","route":"EAC","title":"Apple and pear storage without diphenylamine (DPA) and post-harvest fungicide drenches — dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA), hot-water dipping, pre-harvest biocontrol and orchard sanitation","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p03/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E2","id":"P04","industry":"postrawfood","replaces":"Chlorine (hypochlorite) washes for fresh-cut produce and poultry carcasses (by-products chlorate, trihalomethanes); part of the use of synthetic preservatives (sorbates, benzoates) and chemical antimicrobial sprays on meat, fish and cheese","route":"FOOD","title":"Biopreservation of raw and minimally processed food with bacteriophages, protective cultures and bacteriocins (nisin) — instead of chlorine washes and part of synthetic preservatives","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"P05","industry":"postrawfood","replaces":"Calcium carbide (CaC₂) \"masala\" ripening of mango, banana, papaya and other fruit (acetylene release); ethephon dips at excessive doses (partly)","route":"EAC","title":"Controlled fruit ripening with ethylene (including ethylene from bio-ethanol) in ripening rooms — instead of calcium carbide","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p05/"},{"adoption_D":"D0","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"P06","industry":"postrawfood","replaces":"Synthetic wax coatings and fungicide-wax treatments on fresh produce - imazalil, thiabendazole, fludioxonil in packhouse wax/water (and legacy uses of SOPP and biphenyl)","route":"FOOD","title":"Edible wax and essential-oil coatings on fresh produce instead of synthetic postharvest fungicides in wax","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p06/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"RM01","industry":"remediation","replaces":"Dig and dump\" of oily soil to hazardous-waste landfill; incineration or thermal desorption; in-situ chemical oxidation (persulfate, Fenton reagent) for biodegradable hydrocarbons","route":"SERV","title":"Petroleum-contaminated soil and drill cuttings cleaned by bioremediation (landfarming, biopiles, bioaugmentation, biostimulation) instead of excavation to landfill, incineration/thermal desorption and chemical oxidation","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"RM02","industry":"remediation","replaces":"Excavation and disposal of metal-contaminated topsoil; chemical soil washing (acids, chelators such as EDTA); bare tailings covered with inert caps or left exposed to wind and water erosion","route":"SERV","title":"Metal-contaminated soils, mine tailings and smelter sites managed by phytostabilization, phytoextraction and rhizoremediation (gentle remediation options) instead of excavation, soil washing and inert capping","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm02/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"RM03","industry":"remediation","replaces":"Chemical scrubbers dosing sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite and sulfuric acid; regenerative/thermal oxidizers burning gas to destroy dilute VOCs; masking agents","route":"EAC","title":"Odour, H₂S, ammonia and VOC emissions treated by biofilters, biotrickling filters and bioscrubbers instead of chemical scrubbers (caustic/hypochlorite/acid) and thermal oxidizers","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"SG01","industry":"seeds-genetics","replaces":"Season-long protective fungicide programmes on susceptible varieties — e.g. 10–20 sprays of mancozeb/chlorothalonil/metalaxyl against potato late blight, 8–15 copper and synthetic sprays against grapevine downy and powdery mildew, triazole programmes against cereal rusts","route":"SEED","title":"Disease-resistant crop varieties (marker-assisted breeding, stacked resistance genes, cisgenesis) instead of routine fungicide spray programmes","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg01/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E2","id":"SG02","industry":"seeds-genetics","replaces":"Repeated organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid sprays against lepidopteran pests (Helicoverpa, pink bollworm, Ostrinia/Sesamia corn borers, fall armyworm, Leucinodes eggplant fruit and shoot borer)","route":"GM","title":"Insect-resistant (Bt) crop varieties — cotton, maize, soybean, eggplant — instead of broad-spectrum insecticide sprays against bollworms, stem borers and fruit borers","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E2","id":"SG03","industry":"seeds-genetics","replaces":"Metaphylactic antibiotics used against secondary infections after PRRS and other viral diseases; frequent acaricide dipping of tick-susceptible cattle; blanket anthelmintic and mastitis treatment in susceptible herds","route":"BREED","title":"Disease-resistant livestock genetics — genomic selection, adapted breeds, gene-edited PRRS-resistant pigs — instead of routine antibiotics, acaricides and repeated mass treatment","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"SG04","industry":"seeds-genetics","replaces":"Prophylactic and metaphylactic antibiotics in hatcheries and grow-out; formalin and other chemical baths; pond disinfectants used after outbreaks","route":"BREED","title":"Disease-resistant fish and shrimp lines (QTL- and genomic selection, SPF/SPR broodstock) instead of antibiotics, formalin and pond chemicals","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"T01","industry":"textiles-leather","replaces":"Sodium sulfide + lime hair-burning unhairing, chromium(III) sulfate tanning (about 80–90 % of world leather), ammonium-salt deliming (partly)","route":"CHEM","title":"Leather processing with enzymatic unhairing/bating and vegetable or other chromium-free tanning (mimosa, quebracho, chestnut, olive-leaf extract) — instead of sodium sulfide liming and chromium(III) tanning","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t01/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"E2","id":"T02","industry":"textiles-leather","replaces":"Hot sodium hydroxide scouring, acid/oxidative desizing, pumice stones, potassium permanganate (PP) spray, sodium hypochlorite bleaching of denim; sandblasting (banned in several countries due to silicosis)","route":"CHEM","title":"Textile wet processing with enzymes — bio-scouring (pectinase), enzymatic desizing (amylase), cellulase \"bio-stoning\" and laccase denim bleaching, catalase peroxide removal — instead of caustic scouring, pumice stonewashing, potassium permanganate spraying and hypochlorite bleaching","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"T03","industry":"textiles-leather","replaces":"Sodium dithionite (hydrosulfite) for indigo vat reduction, synthetic indigo made from aniline (traces of aniline in dyed denim), some azo dyes that can release carcinogenic aromatic amines (restricted in the EU), chemical coagulation of dye effluent (partly)","route":"CHEM","title":"Lower-toxicity textile dyeing and dye-effluent treatment with biological methods — bio-based indigo reduction and enzymatic indigo routes, microbial pigments, and biological decolorization of dye effluent — instead of sodium dithionite reduction, aniline-derived synthetic indigo and untreated/chemically treated dye effluent","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E3","id":"V01","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"In-feed antibiotic growth promoters (bacitracin, avilamycin, tylosin, virginiamycin, flavomycin), prophylactic colistin, enrofloxacin and other antibiotics given via drinking water for Salmonella / necrotic enteritis control","route":"FEED","title":"Poultry gut health without antibiotic growth promoters and colistin — competitive exclusion cultures, Bacillus probiotics and bacteriophages","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"V02","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Pharmacological zinc oxide (2,500–3,000 ppm Zn in feed), colistin, apramycin/neomycin and other in-feed or in-water antibiotics for weaner piglets","route":"FEED","title":"Piglet post-weaning diarrhoea without pharmacological zinc oxide and colistin — live oral E. coli vaccine, fermented liquid feed, probiotics and low-protein diets","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E3","id":"V03","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Prophylactic/metaphylactic antibiotics in milk or milk replacer (tetracyclines, neomycin, colistin, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides) for calves; \"waste milk\" feeding","route":"VET","title":"Neonatal calf diarrhoea without prophylactic antibiotics — dam vaccination, colostrum management, lactic-acid-bacteria probiotics and oral rehydration","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"V04","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Blanket dry-cow antibiotic therapy (all quarters, all cows: cloxacillin, cephalosporins incl. 3rd/4th generation, penicillin–aminoglycoside combinations); iodine/chlorhexidine teat dips (partial)","route":"VET","title":"Dairy mastitis prevention with selective dry-cow therapy, internal teat sealants and bacteriocin (nisin) teat disinfection","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"V05","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Routine whole-flock/herd dosing with ivermectin, doramectin, moxidectin (macrocyclic lactones), benzimidazoles (albendazole, fenbendazole), levamisole — especially long-acting injections and boluses","route":"VET","title":"Ruminant gastrointestinal nematode control without blanket macrocyclic lactone dosing — nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans, tannin-rich forages, targeted selective treatment (FAMACHA) and grazing management","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v05/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"V06","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Frequent acaricide dipping/spraying/pour-on with organophosphates (coumaphos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos), synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, flumethrin), amitraz, and injectable macrocyclic lactones used as acaricides","route":"VET","title":"Cattle tick control with the Bm86 anti-tick vaccine, tick-resistant breeds, pasture spelling and entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium)","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v06/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"V07","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Pyrethroid/organophosphate space sprays and residual wall sprays (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, dichlorvos, azamethiphos), neonicotinoid fly baits (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam), larvicides (cyromazine, diflubenzuron in feed)","route":"MACRO","title":"Fly control in livestock barns with parasitoid wasps (Spalangia, Muscidifurax), Beauveria bassiana, predatory beetles and manure management","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v07/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"V08","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Fipronil (illegally used in 2017 — EU egg scandal), carbaryl/propoxur (carbamates), pyrethroids (cypermethrin, permethrin), organophosphates (phoxim, dichlorvos) sprayed in layer houses","route":"MACRO","title":"Poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) control with predatory mites (Androlaelaps casalis, Cheyletus eruditus), silica/diatomaceous earth and heat — instead of illegal fipronil and carbamate/pyrethroid sprays","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v08/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"V09","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Ionophore coccidiostats (monensin, salinomycin, narasin, lasalocid, maduramicin, semduramicin) and chemical anticoccidials (nicarbazin, diclazuril, robenidine, halofuginone, decoquinate) fed continuously","route":"VET","title":"Poultry coccidiosis control with live Eimeria vaccines (and phytogenic support) instead of continuous in-feed ionophores and chemical coccidiostats","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v09/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"V10","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Synthetic acaricides in hives — amitraz (strips and fumigation), coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate, flumethrin; illegal off-label use of agricultural pesticides in hives","route":"VET","title":"Honeybee Varroa control with organic acids (oxalic, formic, lactic), thymol, brood interruption, drone-brood removal and Varroa-resistant bees (VSH, Primorsky/Russian bees)","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v10/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"V11","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Reliance on non-specific clay binders only (ineffective for DON, fumonisins, zearalenone); chemical detoxification (ammoniation, formaldehyde-based treatments); feeding contaminated grain with antibiotics/drugs to treat the consequences","route":"FEED","title":"Mycotoxin detoxification in feed with specific enzymes and microbes — fumonisin esterase (FumD), trichothecene-degrading bacterium BBSH 797, zearalenone hydrolase","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v11/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"V12","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Formaldehyde fumigation of hatching eggs, incubators and hatchers (formalin + potassium permanganate); formalin foot-baths and house fumigation; glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants (partial)","route":"BIOCIDE","title":"Hatchery and livestock-house disinfection without formaldehyde — hydrogen peroxide / peracetic acid, UV-C, and probiotic (Bacillus-based) cleaning to rebuild a beneficial surface microbiome","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v12/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"V13","industry":"veterinary","replaces":"Routine insecticide treatment of livestock wounds (organophosphates and other larvicides), animal inspection and losses from myiasis","route":"RELEASE","title":"New World screwworm eradication by the sterile insect technique instead of insecticide wound treatment","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v13/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"E4","id":"WC01","industry":"waste-circular","replaces":"Open burning of rice/wheat straw and sugarcane trash to clear fields between crops; pre-harvest cane burning","route":"AGROCHEM","title":"Crop residues (rice and wheat straw, cane trash) managed by in-situ incorporation with microbial decomposers, mulching and collection for biogas/bio-CNG instead of open-field burning","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"WC02","industry":"waste-circular","replaces":"Landfilling and open dumping of food/market waste (methane, leachate, vectors); incineration of high-moisture organic waste; chemical fly and odour control at dumps","route":"SERV","title":"Food and market organic waste treated by black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, composting and bokashi fermentation instead of landfilling, open dumping and incineration of wet waste","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc02/"},{"adoption_D":"D3","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"WC03","industry":"waste-circular","replaces":"Lime (CaO/Ca(OH)₂) stabilization of sludge; landfilling of untreated sludge; raw dumping of pit-latrine and septic-tank sludge into rivers and fields; incineration without energy or nutrient recovery","route":"SERV","title":"Sewage sludge and faecal sludge stabilized biologically — anaerobic digestion, thermophilic co-composting, sludge treatment (drying) reed beds — instead of lime stabilization, landfilling, incineration-only and raw dumping","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"WC04","industry":"waste-circular","replaces":"Landfilling of food and garden waste (methane emissions, leachate) and its incineration with mixed waste","route":"SERV","title":"Composting and anaerobic digestion of separately collected biowaste instead of landfill","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc04/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"E4","id":"W01","industry":"water","replaces":"Aluminium sulfate (alum) and PAC coagulants; ferric chloride; synthetic polyacrylamide flocculants (residual acrylamide monomer); part of chlorine demand through upstream load reduction","route":"WATER","title":"Biological wastewater treatment and bio-coagulants instead of alum, ferric chloride and synthetic polyelectrolytes","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"W02","industry":"water","replaces":"End-of-pipe chemical treatment of nutrient-rich drainage (ferric/alum P-stripping, ion exchange); untreated tile-drain nitrate; part of inorganic fertilizer overuse (root cause)","route":"SERV","title":"Farm nitrate and phosphate runoff controlled by biology — denitrifying bioreactors, wetlands and algal uptake — instead of end-of-pipe chemical dosing","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w02/"},{"adoption_D":"D1","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"W03","industry":"water","replaces":"Oxidizing biocides (chlorine, bromine, chlorine dioxide, peracetic regimes) and non-oxidizing ones (isothiazolinones, quats, DBNPA, glutaraldehyde) dosed continuously to open cooling towers and process water","route":"WATER","title":"Biofilm control by enzymes and bacteriophages instead of oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides in cooling and process water","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w03/"},{"adoption_D":"D0","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"W04","industry":"water","replaces":"Continuous chemical conditioning of produced water (biocides, scale inhibitors, emulsion breakers, demulsifiers) ahead of disposal/injection; overloaded evaporation ponds","route":"SERV","title":"Oilfield produced water treated biologically instead of chemical-only conditioning and disposal","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w04/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"W05","industry":"water","replaces":"Chemical phosphorus precipitation with ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate or aluminium salts in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment","route":"SERV","title":"Enhanced biological phosphorus removal instead of chemical precipitation with metal salts","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/"},{"adoption_D":"D2","evidence_E":"insufficient","id":"W06","industry":"water","replaces":"Caustic (NaOH) scrubbing, iron-based scavengers and liquid-redox processes for removing hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from biogas, landfill gas and some sour gas streams","route":"EAC","title":"Biological desulfurisation of biogas and sour gas instead of chemical scrubbing","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w06/"}],"version":"2026-10-16"}